Education and Training

Publications

1. Frederiksen R, Bonezzi PJ, Fain GL, Sampath AP. The role of the Ca2+-activated Cl- conductance in the membrane potential and light response of mouse rods.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2025.
2. Frederiksen R, Peng YR, Sampath AP, Fain GL. Evolution of rod bipolar cells and rod vision.. The Journal of physiology, 2025.
3. Wang J, Zhang L, Cavallini M, Pahlevan A, Sun J, Morshedian A, Fain GL, Sampath AP, Peng YR. Molecular characterization of the sea lamprey retina illuminates the evolutionary origin of retinal cell types.. Nature communications, 2024.
4. Kaylor JJ, Frederiksen R, Bedrosian CK, Huang M, Stennis-Weatherspoon D, Huynh T, Ngan T, Mulamreddy V, Sampath AP, Fain GL, Travis GH. RDH12 allows cone photoreceptors to regenerate opsin visual pigments from a chromophore precursor to escape competition with rods.. Current biology : CB, 2024.
5. Fain GL. The mechanism of genetically inherited night blindness.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024.
6. Morshedian A, Jiang Z, Radu RA, Fain GL, Sampath AP. Genetic manipulation of rod-cone differences in mouse retina.. PloS one, 2024.
7. Fehlhaber KE, Majumder A, Boyd KK, Griffis KG, Artemyev NO, Fain GL, Sampath AP. A Novel Role for UNC119 as an Enhancer of Synaptic Transmission.. International journal of molecular sciences, 2023.
8. Ellis EM, Paniagua AE, Scalabrino ML, Thapa M, Rathinavelu J, Jiao Y, Williams DS, Field GD, Fain GL, Sampath AP. Cones and cone pathways remain functional in advanced retinal degeneration.. Current biology : CB, 2023.
9. Fain GL. Vision: Life on the dark side.. Current biology : CB, 2022.
10. Frederiksen R, Fain GL, Sampath AP. A hyperpolarizing rod bipolar cell in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus.. The Journal of experimental biology, 2022.
11. Morshedian A, Sendek G, Ng SY, Boyd K, Radu RA, Liu M, Artemyev NO, Sampath AP, Fain GL. Reproducibility of the Rod Photoreceptor Response Depends Critically on the Concentration of the Phosphodiesterase Effector Enzyme.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2022.
12. Abtout A, Fain G, Reingruber J. Analysis of waveform and amplitude of mouse rod and cone flash responses.. The Journal of physiology, 2021.
13. Fain GL, Sampath AP. Light responses of mammalian cones.. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 2021.
14. Frederiksen R, Morshedian A, Tripathy SA, Xu T, Travis GH, Fain GL, Sampath AP. Rod Photoreceptors Avoid Saturation in Bright Light by the Movement of the G Protein Transducin.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2021.
15. Morshedian A, Huynh TH, Frederiksen R, Fain GL, Sampath AP. Pupillary light reflex of lamprey Petromyzon marinus.. Current biology : CB, 2021.
16. Ingram NT, Fain GL, Sampath AP. Elevated energy requirement of cone photoreceptors.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020.
17. Reingruber J, Ingram NT, Griffis KG, Fain GL. A kinetic analysis of mouse rod and cone photoreceptor responses.. The Journal of physiology, 2020.
18. Ellis EM, Frederiksen R, Morshedian A, Fain GL, Sampath AP. Separate ON and OFF pathways in vertebrate vision first arose during the Cambrian.. Current biology : CB, 2020.
19. Chen NS, Ingram NT, Frederiksen R, Sampath AP, Chen J, Fain GL. Diminished Cone Sensitivity in cpfl3 Mice Is Caused by Defective Transducin Signaling.. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2020.
20. Ingram NT, Sampath AP, Fain GL. Membrane conductances of mouse cone photoreceptors.. The Journal of general physiology, 2020.
21. Fain GL. Lamprey vision: Photoreceptors and organization of the retina.. Seminars in cell & developmental biology, 2019.
22. Ingram NT, Sampath AP, Fain GL. Voltage-clamp recordings of light responses from wild-type and mutant mouse cone photoreceptors.. The Journal of general physiology, 2019.
23. Morshedian A, Kaylor JJ, Ng SY, Tsan A, Frederiksen R, Xu T, Yuan L, Sampath AP, Radu RA, Fain GL, Travis GH. Light-Driven Regeneration of Cone Visual Pigments through a Mechanism Involving RGR Opsin in Müller Glial Cells.. Neuron, 2019.
24. Wang T, Reingruber J, Woodruff ML, Majumder A, Camarena A, Artemyev NO, Fain GL, Chen J. The PDE6 mutation in the rd10 retinal degeneration mouse model causes protein mislocalization and instability and promotes cell death through increased ion influx.. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2018.
25. Fain G, Sampath AP. Rod and cone interactions in the retina.. F1000Research, 2018.
26. Morshedian A, Woodruff ML, Fain GL. Role of recoverin in rod photoreceptor light adaptation.. The Journal of physiology, 2018.
27. Morshedian A, Toomey MB, Pollock GE, Frederiksen R, Enright JM, McCormick SD, Cornwall MC, Fain GL, Corbo JC. Cambrian origin of the CYP27C1-mediated vitamin A1-to-A2 switch, a key mechanism of vertebrate sensory plasticity.. Royal Society open science, 2017.
28. Morshedian A, Fain GL. Light adaptation and the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors.. The Journal of physiology, 2017.
29. Kaylor JJ, Xu T, Ingram NT, Tsan A, Hakobyan H, Fain GL, Travis GH. Blue light regenerates functional visual pigments in mammals through a retinyl-phospholipid intermediate.. Nature communications, 2017.
30. Morshedian A, Fain GL. The evolution of rod photoreceptors.. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2017.
31. Ingram NT, Sampath AP, Fain GL. Why are rods more sensitive than cones?. The Journal of physiology, 2016.
32. Fain GL. Phototransduction: Making the Chromophore to See Through the Murk.. Current biology : CB, 2015.
33. Reingruber J, Holcman D, Fain GL. How rods respond to single photons: Key adaptations of a G-protein cascade that enable vision at the physical limit of perception.. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 2015.
34. Chen CK, Woodruff ML, Fain GL. Rhodopsin kinase and recoverin modulate phosphodiesterase during mouse photoreceptor light adaptation.. The Journal of general physiology, 2015.
35. Morshedian A, Fain GL. Single-photon sensitivity of lamprey rods with cone-like outer segments.. Current biology : CB, 2015.
36. Woodruff ML, Rajala A, Fain GL, Rajala RV. Effect of knocking down the insulin receptor on mouse rod responses.. Scientific reports, 2015.
37. Woodruff ML, Rajala A, Fain GL, Rajala RV. Modulation of mouse rod photoreceptor responses by Grb14 protein.. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2013.
38. Reingruber J, Pahlberg J, Woodruff ML, Sampath AP, Fain GL, Holcman D. Detection of single photons by toad and mouse rods.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013.
39. Chen CK, Woodruff ML, Chen FS, Chen Y, Cilluffo MC, Tranchina D, Fain GL. Modulation of mouse rod response decay by rhodopsin kinase and recoverin.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2012.
40. Li X, McClellan ME, Tanito M, Garteiser P, Towner R, Bissig D, Berkowitz BA, Fliesler SJ, Woodruff ML, Fain GL, Birch DG, Khan MS, Ash JD, Elliott MH. Loss of caveolin-1 impairs retinal function due to disturbance of subretinal microenvironment.. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2012.
41. Fain GL. Adaptation of mammalian photoreceptors to background light: putative role for direct modulation of phosphodiesterase.. Molecular neurobiology, 2011.
42. Tsang SH, Woodruff ML, Lin CS, Jacobson BD, Naumann MC, Hsu CW, Davis RJ, Cilluffo MC, Chen J, Fain GL. Effect of the ILE86TER mutation in the γ subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6) on rod photoreceptor signaling.. Cellular signalling, 2011.
43. Chen J, Woodruff ML, Wang T, Concepcion FA, Tranchina D, Fain GL. Channel modulation and the mechanism of light adaptation in mouse rods.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2010.
44. Fain GL, Hardie R, Laughlin SB. Phototransduction and the evolution of photoreceptors.. Current biology : CB, 2010.
45. Chen CK, Woodruff ML, Chen FS, Chen D, Fain GL. Background light produces a recoverin-dependent modulation of activated-rhodopsin lifetime in mouse rods.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2010.
46. Kefalov VJ, Cornwall MC, Fain GL. Physiological studies of the interaction between opsin and chromophore in rod and cone visual pigments.. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2010.
47. Sampath AP, Fain GL. Setting the absolute threshold of vision.. F1000 biology reports, 2009.
48. Zhang Y, Molday LL, Molday RS, Sarfare SS, Woodruff ML, Fain GL, Kraft TW, Pittler SJ. Knockout of GARPs and the β-subunit of the rod cGMP-gated channel disrupts disk morphogenesis and rod outer segment structural integrity.. Journal of cell science, 2009.
49. Okawa H, Sampath AP, Laughlin SB, Fain GL. ATP consumption by mammalian rod photoreceptors in darkness and in light.. Current biology : CB, 2008.
50. Dizhoor AM, Woodruff ML, Olshevskaya EV, Cilluffo MC, Cornwall MC, Sieving PA, Fain GL. Night blindness and the mechanism of constitutive signaling of mutant G90D rhodopsin.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2008.
51. Davis RJ, Tosi J, Janisch KM, Kasanuki JM, Wang NK, Kong J, Tsui I, Cilluffo M, Woodruff ML, Fain GL, Lin CS, Tsang SH. Functional rescue of degenerating photoreceptors in mice homozygous for a hypomorphic cGMP phosphodiesterase 6 b allele (Pde6bH620Q).. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2008.
52. Woodruff ML, Janisch KM, Peshenko IV, Dizhoor AM, Tsang SH, Fain GL. Modulation of phosphodiesterase6 turnoff during background illumination in mouse rod photoreceptors.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2008.
53. Woodruff ML, Olshevskaya EV, Savchenko AB, Peshenko IV, Barrett R, Bush RA, Sieving PA, Fain GL, Dizhoor AM. Constitutive excitation by Gly90Asp rhodopsin rescues rods from degeneration caused by elevated production of cGMP in the dark.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2007.
54. Leung YT, Fain GL, Matthews HR. Simultaneous measurement of current and calcium in the ultraviolet-sensitive cones of zebrafish.. The Journal of physiology, 2006.
55. Makino CL, Wen XH, Michaud N, Peshenko IV, Pawlyk B, Brush RS, Soloviev M, Liu X, Woodruff ML, Calvert PD, Savchenko AB, Anderson RE, Fain GL, Li T, Sandberg MA, Dizhoor AM. Effects of low AIPL1 expression on phototransduction in rods.. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2006.
56. Tsang SH, Woodruff ML, Chen CK, Yamashita CY, Cilluffo MC, Rao AL, Farber DB, Fain GL. GAP-independent termination of photoreceptor light response by excess gamma subunit of the cGMP-phosphodiesterase.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2006.
57. Fain GL. Why photoreceptors die (and why they don't).. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 2006.
58. Fan J, Woodruff ML, Cilluffo MC, Crouch RK, Fain GL. Opsin activation of transduction in the rods of dark-reared Rpe65 knockout mice.. The Journal of physiology, 2005.
59. Liu X, Bulgakov OV, Wen XH, Woodruff ML, Pawlyk B, Yang J, Fain GL, Sandberg MA, Makino CL, Li T. AIPL1, the protein that is defective in Leber congenital amaurosis, is essential for the biosynthesis of retinal rod cGMP phosphodiesterase.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004.
60. Olshevskaya EV, Calvert PD, Woodruff ML, Peshenko IV, Savchenko AB, Makino CL, Ho YS, Fain GL, Dizhoor AM. The Y99C mutation in guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 increases intracellular Ca2+ and causes photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic mice.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2004.
61. Cilluffo MC, Matthews HR, Brockerhoff SE, Fain GL. Light-induced Ca2+ release in the visible cones of the zebrafish.. Visual neuroscience, 2004.
62. Woodruff ML, Lem J, Fain GL. Early receptor current of wild-type and transducin knockout mice: photosensitivity and light-induced Ca2+ release.. The Journal of physiology, 2004.
63. Lem J, Fain GL. Constitutive opsin signaling: night blindness or retinal degeneration?. Trends in molecular medicine, 2004.
64. Woodruff ML, Wang Z, Chung HY, Redmond TM, Fain GL, Lem J. Spontaneous activity of opsin apoprotein is a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis.. Nature genetics, 2003.
65. Matthews HR, Fain GL. The effect of light on outer segment calcium in salamander rods.. The Journal of physiology, 2003.
66. Brockerhoff SE, Rieke F, Matthews HR, Taylor MR, Kennedy B, Ankoudinova I, Niemi GA, Tucker CL, Xiao M, Cilluffo MC, Fain GL, Hurley JB. Light stimulates a transducin-independent increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and suppression of current in cones from the zebrafish mutant nof.. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2003.
67. Woodruff ML, Sampath AP, Matthews HR, Krasnoperova NV, Lem J, Fain GL. Measurement of cytoplasmic calcium concentration in the rods of wild-type and transducin knock-out mice.. The Journal of physiology, 2002.
68. Matthews HR, Fain GL. Time course and magnitude of the calcium release induced by bright light in salamander rods.. The Journal of physiology, 2002.